Ensuring the accuracy of simulations in aerodynamics (CFD) and crash testing (FEA). Adjusting parameters like material properties, boundary conditions, and forces to match real-world performance. Accurate extraction of material properties such as Young’s modulus, fatigue limits, and stress-strain behavior for structural simulations.

Aerodynamic shape optimization, where the desired performance (e.g., minimum drag or lift coefficient) is specified, and design variables are adjusted to meet these goals.